Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV Recibido: 09/06/2025 Aceptado: 26/07/2025 Publicado: 02/09/2025 hps://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35650 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico 1 of 10 Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV hps://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35719 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico A cross-seconal study of renal metabolic profile of one-humped camel in El-Bayadh province, Algeria Estudio transversal del perfil metabólico renal del camello de una joroba en la provincia de El-Bayadh (Algeria) ¹ University Saad Dahleb Blida1, Instute of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Biotechnologies related to Animal Reproducon. Route de Soumâa, BP270, 09000, Blida, Algeria. ² Saad Dahleb University, Veterinary sciences instute, Algeria ³ University of Tiaret, Instute of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products. Tiaret., Algeria ⁴ University Saad Dahleb Blida1, Department of Biology. Route de Soumâa, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria ⁵ University of El-Oued, Faculty of Natural Science and life, Department of cellular and Molecular Biology, Laboratory Biology, Environment and Health. Algeria ⁶ Faculty of Natural and Life Science, Earth and Universe Sciences, University 8 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria. *Corresponding author: razika555@live.fr ; boukert_razika@univ-blida.dz ABSTRACT The composion of camel urine can vary depending on factors such as the camel’s diet, health and environmental condions. The aim of this study is to invesgate the various components of camel urine in El-Bayadh province, Algeria, using macroscopic, microscopic examinaon and biochemistry of urine, as well as plasma analysis. 40 camels were analyzed and urine and blood sample were collected from each camel. The macroscopic urine showed amber yellow color and turbidity in dromedaries aged (2 and 6 years). So, Microscopic examinaon recorded the same moderate presence of epithelial cells and leucocytes in non-pregnant and lactang females (P=0.001). Adult camels have a moderate presence of leucocytes in the urine compared to young camels, while the Targui breed has a moderate level of leucocytes and erythrocytes (P=0.01). The pH (Hydrogen potenal) of camel urine varies between 7 and 8, the density is between 1.02 and 1.04. However, high average ketone (8.3±3.07) in pregnant females (over 6 years) and glucose levels are important in lactang females and very low average levels of bilirubin and urobillin (0.16 and 1.26) were found. Therefore, high average protein levels were recorded in pregnant females (7.5±5.12), young camels (8±2.87) and total absence of ammonia. The biochemical plasma test showed that: a significant effect of age on creanine with higher levels in lactang She-camels, 30.40 ± 0.71 mg/dL of total protein and 51.24 ± 1.02 mg/dL of albumin. This study highlighted the different components of camel urine and analyzed the renal funcon. Further studies are recommended. Key words: Algeria; Camel; composion; plasma; urine RESUMEN La composición de la orina de camello puede variar en función de factores como la dieta del camello, su estado de salud y las condiciones ambientales. El objevo de este estudio es invesgar los diversos componentes de la orina de camello en la provincia de El-Bayadh, Argelia, mediante el examen macroscópico, microscópico y bioquímico de la orina, así como el análisis del plasma. Se analizó un total de 40 muestras de orina y 40 de plasma de camellos clínicamente sanos. La orina macroscópica mostró un color amarillo ámbar y turbidez en los dromedarios de 2 y 6 años de edad. Así, el examen microscópico registró la misma presencia moderada de células epiteliales y leucocitos en las hembras no gestantes y lactantes (P=0,001). Los camellos adultos presentan una presencia moderada de leucocitos en la orina en comparación con los camellos jóvenes, mientras que la raza Targui presenta un nivel moderado de leucocitos y eritrocitos (P=0,01). El pH (potencial de hidrógeno) de la orina de camello varía entre 7 y 8, la densidad se sitúa entre 1,02 y 1,04. Sin embargo, los niveles medios elevados de cetona (8,3±3,07) en las hembras gestantes (mayores de 6 años) y de glucosa es importantes en las hembras lactantes, y se hallaron niveles medios muy bajos de bilirrubina y urobilina (0,16 y 1,26). Por consiguiente, se registraron niveles medios elevados de proteínas en las hembras gestantes (7,5 ± 5,12), los camellos jóvenes (8 ± 2,87) y ausencia total de amoníaco. El análisis bioquímico del plasma mostró: un efecto significavo de la edad sobre la creanina, con niveles más elevados en las camellas lactantes, 30,40 ± 0,71 mg/dL de proteína total y 51,24 ± 1,02 mg/dL de albúmina. Este estudio puso de manifiesto los diferentes componentes de la orina de camello y analizó la función renal. Se recomienda realizar nuevos estudios. Palabras clave: Algeria; camello; composición; plasma; orina Razika Boukert 1 , 2* , Mounira Chahnaz Hamza 3 , Dahia Saidj 2 , Sara Boukert 4 , Abdelaziz Missoum 2 , Yahia Khalef 5 ,Hanane Damene 6 , Akila Bourabah 3 , Naima Sahraoui 1 , 2

Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico INTRODUCTION The relave economic and demographic importance of camels across countries translates into the greater or lesser aenon paid by academics and researchers to the study of the camel species [1]. Camels contribute hugely to human survival in less agroecological parts of African, Asian and Arabian deserts [2]. In Algeria, the camel is one of the mean sources of wealth and resources in the Saharan territory. Compared to other livestock, this species has been relegated to the background, despite a past that tesfies to a preponderant role in a hosle environment [3 ,[4]. This animal remains indispensable and plays a mulfaceted role, providing desert dwellers with food, transport, trade and miraculous biofluids such as milk and urine, which have tradionally been used as remedies for a wide range of human ailments [5]. In recent years, tradional pracces have led to renewed scienfic interest in camel urine; many modern studies have reported that it has numerous therapeuc indicaons, as it contains several compounds known to have an-inflammatory, anoxidant, anhypertensive, hepatoprotecve, anmicrobial, and anmycobacterial properes [6]. However, the use of urine (either consumed or applied locally) has aracted the interest of health academics and intellectuals since ancient mes due to the widespread belief in the many prevenve and curave potenalies of this biofluid as a treatment against several diseases [7]. The tradional therapeuc benefits of camel urine can be summarized as the treatment of cancer and certain infecous, gastric and cardiovascular abnormal and diseases [8 ,9]. Urine analysis is therefore one of the most important diagnosc tests that can help to localize disease, determine the causes of discolored urine and to idenfy inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract [10 ,[11]. Among these numerous acvies, Camel urine also remains effecve against microbes [2]. However, the composion of camel urine is known to be different from that of bovine urine. It contains 30 different compounds and 28 essenal elements [9]. As well as, camel urine’s alkalinity (high levels of potassium and magnesium, albuminous protein, and low concentraons of uric acid, sodium, and creane), unlike other animal urine, may be the reason for the comparavely higher historical prevalence of its use [12]. This variability of compounds is due to diverse factors such as sex, age, feeding, seasonality, metabolic pathways and gut microbiota [1]. In this regard, the renal blood parameters measurement is useful in determining the animal health status [13], monitoring renal response to treatment, and measuring the course of renal diseases using blood reference ranges [14 , 15]. Observing variaons of some blood parameters from normal limits could be a guide for differenal diagnosis of diseases [16]. Concretely, urine and the detailed characterizaon of its metabolic profile are scarce and oſten unrelated and the composion and bioacvity of camel urine has resulted in limited knowledge of this important biological matrix [1]. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the renal metabolic profile of dromedaries from El-Bayadh province in Algeria, based on the physico-chemical camel urine examinaon and biochemical analysis of blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethical approval All experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Instuonal Animal Protecon Commiee of Algerian Higher Educaon and Scienfic Research (agreement number 45/DGLPAG/DVA.SDA.14). All animal studies were conducted with the utmost respect for animal welfare. No animal suffered in the course of this research. Study sites A cross-seconal study was carried out between February and June 2024 on camels in the Bougtob province of El-Bayadh. This province is located in the south-west of Algeria, 600 km from the capital Algiers. It covers an area of 71,697 km2 w, with latude: 33°40′59″ north and longitude: 1°01′09″ east. El- Bayadh is characterized by a very intense, semi-arid connental climate, with cold winters and hot, arid summers (FIG. 1). Camel numbers in the province of El-Bayadh are esmated at 16 250 head in 2019 [17]. There are three main camel populaons in the province of El-Bayadh: Ouled Sidi-cheikh, Sahraoui in the south and the Steppic dromedary in the northern high steppe plains. FIGURE 1. The Bougtob study area of El-Bayadh province (Algeria) Animal study This study aims to carry out an analysis of the physicochemical properes of urine and blood of camels in Bougtob area of El- Bayadh province. To conduct this study, we selected a total of 40 clinically healthy camels (37/40 females; 03/40 males), clinically healthy at different ages ranging from 1 month to 13 years (divided into three categories: [0-2] years, [2-6] and animals up to 6 years old. Two camel’s breeds (Sepic and Targui) were selected for this study. The dromedaries used in this study are reared in a semi-extensive system and their daily feed consists of 2 of 10

Renal metabolic profile of one-humped camel / Boukert et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico 5 to 8 kg of wheat bran (Tricum aesvum), in addion to their pasture Triplex (Atriplex canescens), known locally as “arroche”. Urine and blood samples collecon Urine samples Urine samples were collected in the morning at a rate of 10 samples by day (d), using sterile jars stored. It must be collected carefully and sterilely, to avoid contaminaon with other micro- organisms. Urine was collected at mid-micturion, while waing for the animals to urinate spontaneously in the pen (FIG. 2). The urine samples were transported at 4°C in a Clatronic brand cooler, reference KB3714N, with a capacity of 28 liters, made in Algeria. Immediately, the urine samples were transferred to the laboratory at the local hospital in Bougtob province of El-Bayadh for analysis. However, according to Coles [18], these samples were subjected to a physico-chemical examinaon using test strips (UVOX VET brand, made in France). Blood samples Blood samples were collected via jugular vein (FIG. 2) of the dromedaries aſter severs restraint in sternal decubitus posion by the breeder, into 4 mL vacum tubes containing heparin. The samples were transported to the biochemistry laboratory at Tiaret’s Instute of Veterinary Sciences. Upon arrival, the samples were centrifuged with Biobase digital centrifuge, made in China at 1006 g for 10 minutes (min); the separated plasma was transferred to sterile Eppendorf tubes and stored in a Haier Biomedical freezer (made in China) at -20ºC unl the analysis of biochemical parameters. (a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 2. Collecng of camel urine and blood samples (a,b): Camel urine collected early morning in sterile boles by bladder smulaon. ; (c, d): The camel is restrained; a blood sample is collected via the jugular vein for biochemical examinaon of the plasma Macroscopic urine examinaon According to Florent and Herman [9], Urine examinaon is a source of informaon easy to obtain and interpret in individual and populaon medicine. In this study, the examinaon of urine samples starts with macroscopic assessment of color, clarity and turbidity (FIG.3). Microscopic and chemical examinaon The components of urine were analyzed to detect different abnormalies and cells idenficaon such as leukocytes, erythrocytes and epithelial cells, as well as crystals and foreign bodies such as bacteria and parasites. A drop of urine from each sample is applied to a slide and read under a light microscope (OPTIKA brand, Reference: B-193, made in Italy) at different magnificaons (10x- 40x-100x). To perform the chemical analysis of animal urine, we used urine strips (KING DIAGNOSTIQUE®;UVOXVET brand, made in France), which are considered a simple complement to the clinical examinaon and can provide valuable informaon on the animal’s state of health, which allow the analysis of 10 components such as: nitrites, urobilinogenes, proteins, glucoses, bilirubins and ketone bodies. These strips are used aſter collecng fresh urine in a dry, sterile container. However, the analysis must be performed on homogeneous urine samples not centrifuged within two hours (h) aſter collecon. The use of strips test at room temperature with an automac reader type (MINDRAY UA-66®, made in France) is necessary for this method. The correct calibraon of the meter was achieved, as was the shaking of the urine sample container to homogenize the sample, and the complete immersion of the test strip in the urine sample for a few seconds, according to VIDAL guidelines [19]. Plasma biochemistry analysis The plasma from the dromedaries was tested biochemically using a Secomam® semi-automated biochemistry analyzer and commercial kits manufactured in France. This invesgaon was carried out in the biochemistry laboratory at Tiaret’s Instute of Veterinary Sciences. Total protein was measured with BIOLABO® kits of the BioSed® brand of PCBs made in France using the Biuret method, while albumin and urea were determined by a colorimetric method. Glucose was analyzed with CYPRESS DIAGNOSTICS® kits made in Belgium using a colorimetric method, and creanine was evaluated by BIOMAGREB® kits manufactured in Tunisia using an enzymac method. Stascal analysis SPSS stascal soſtware version 22 was used to analyses the data. Chi-square test was used to determine the effect of several physiological characteriscs. Since the data did not follow a normal distribuon, non-parametric tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to invesgate the effect of these factors on the variaon of other urinary and blood parameters. Results obtained were expressed as Mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). To compare the two groups, post-hoc analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a P-value < 0.05 considered stascally significant. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physico-chemical analysis of camel urine Macroscopic camel urine examinaon The examinaon urine samples starts with macroscopic assessment of color and turbidity (FIG. 3). A combinaon of urobilin and urobilinogen with a pepde is thought to be responsible for this coloraon [20]. Also, urine turbidity, such as color observaon, can be assessed semi-quantavely by clearly viewing the background newspaper in a clear container under good light from a well-mixed urine sample [21]. The three age groups, physiological state and camel breed studied showed the following results (FIG. 3; TABLE I). 3 of 10

Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico FIGURE 3. Macroscopic exam of camel urines samples (Aſter collecng the samples of dromedary urine, macroscopic observaon in a well-lit area is carried out to determine the colour and turbidity of the urine) The results illustrated in FIG. 3 are similar to the findings of Fowler [22] who indicates that the normal camel urine sample is yellow to amber colour. Macroscopic examinaon of camel urine (TABLE I) revealed a high proporon of amber yellow colour in dromedaries aged between 2 and 6 years old and a high turbidity rate was observed in the same group. Therefore, the transparent urine is more important in camels older than six years. However, Ressmi et al. [6] did not report any colour changes in camel urine with age, despite the different uses of camel urine. Thus, the results of El- El-Hady et al. [23] reported that dromedary urine has a pale yellow colour and a clear appearance. In this study, the camel urine colour of males generally ranges from pale yellow to amber yellow, while female camel urine is completely clear yellow. Aitekenov et al. [24] pointed out that lile is currently known about the possible effect of age on the quantave changes in the urine and its chemical composion Few studies have also addressed the breed variability [25]. Therefore, urine colour plays a role in the diagnosis of diseases, parcularly in animal health care. TABLE I Macroscopic camel urine examinaon Parameter Colored urine (%) Turbidity (%) Yellow pale Yellow Clear Yellow to amber Transparent Turbid Age ≤0-2Y 15.38(2/13) 61.54(8/13) 23.08(3/13) 84.61(11/13) 15.38(2/13) 2-6Y 00.00 40.00(6/15) 60.00(9/15) 80.00(12/15) 20.00(3/15) ≥6Y 8.33(1/12) 58.33(7/12) 33.33(4/12) 91.67(11/12) 8.33(1/12) p-value 0.23 0.7 Female Physiological state Non preg. 00.00 50.00(3/6) 50.00(3/6) 83.33(5/6) 16.67(1/6) Preg. 00.00 33.33(2/6) 66.67(4/6) 66.67(4/6) 33.33(2/6) Lactang 10.00(1/10) 70.00(7/10) 20.00(2/10) 90.00(9/10) 10.00(1/10) p-value 0.36 0.5 Sex Female 08.11(3/37) 51.35(19/37) 40.54(15/37) 86.49(32/37) 13.51( 5/37) Male 00.00 66.67(2/3) 33.33(1/3) 66.67(2/3) 33.33(1/3) p-value 0.81 0.39 Breed Sepic 08.88(3/34) 55.88(19/34) 35.29(12/34) 88.32(30/34) 11.76(4/34) Targui 00.00 33.33(2/6) 66.67 (4/6) 66.67 (4/6) 33.33 (2/6) p-value 0.32 0.21 *Y: Years; Preg: pregnant Microscopical and chemical camel urine examinaon The results of the microscopic analysis indicated the significant presence of leucocytes depending on the physiological stage of the female camels, as well as the presence of erythrocytes, epithelial cells and crystals (TABLE II). 4 of 10

Renal metabolic profile of one-humped camel / Boukert et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico TABLE II Microscopic analysis of dromedary urine Parameter Leucocyte (%) Erythrocyte (%) Epithelial cells (%) Crystals (%) - + ++ - + ++ - + - + Age ≤2years(13) 46.15(6) 46.15(6) 7.69(1) 61.54(8) 23.08(3) 15.39(2) 61.54(8) 38.46(5) 76.92(10) 23.08(3) 2-6years(15) 60(9) 26.67(4) 13.33(2) 13.33(12) 20(3) ND 66.67(10) 33.33(5) 86.67(13) 13.33(2) ≥ 6years(12) 41.67(5) 41.67(5) 16.67(2) 66.67(8) 25(3) 8.33(1) 66.67(8) 33.33(4) 75.00(9) 25.00(3) p-value 0.79 0.61 0.95 0.71 Female Physiological state No Preg(6) 66.67(4) 33.33(2) ND 66.67(4) 33.33(2) ND 83.33(5) 16.67(1) 83.33(5) 16.67(1) Preg (6) 16.67(1) 16.67(1) 66.67(4) 33.33(2) 50.00(3) 16.67(1) 50.00(3) 50.00(3) 83.33(5) 16.67(1) Lact; (10) 60.00(6) 40.00(4) ND 90.00(9) 10.00(1) ND 70.00(7) 30.00(3) 80(8) 20.00(2) Pvalue 0.01 0.15 0.45 0.98 Sex Female(37) 54.05(20) 35.13(13) 10.81(4) 70.27(26) 24.32(9) 5.40(2) 67.57(25) 32.43(12) 81.08(30) 18.92(7) Male(3) ND 66.67(2) 33.33(1) 66.67(2) ND 33.33(1) 33.33(1) 66.67(2) 66.67(2) 33.33(1) P-value 0.17 0.16 0.27 0.49 Breed Sepic(34) 52.94(18) 35.29(12/34) 11.76(4/34) 76.47(26) 14.70(5) 8.82(3/34) 64.70(22) 35.29(12) 79.41(27) 20.59(7) Targui (6) 33.33(2) 50.00(3) 16.67(1) 33.33(2) 66.67(4) ND 66.67(4) 33.33(2) 83.33(5) 16.67(1) P-value 0.67 0.01 0.9 0.8 preg: pregnant; lact: lacng; (-): absent ;(+): moderate presence error, (++): Strong presence, ND: Not detected Moreover, Microscopic examinaon of the urine samples (TABLE II) showed moderate proporon of leucocytes in non- pregnant, pregnant and lactang females, with a significant difference (P=0.01), leucocytes are therefore more abundant in adult males than in young camels; probably because young camels are sll developing their immunity. Regarding the breed, the Targui have a moderate level of erythrocytes, with a significant difference for this type of cell (P=0.01), which can be explained by the fact that the presence of these cells is a consequence of the desquamaon of the epithelial layer [26]. The moderate presence of crystals has been observed in camel urine, as demonstrated by Tharwat et al. [27]. So, chemical analysis of dromedary urine showed a significant value for density (P=0.03) depending on the two camel breeds (Sahraoui and Targui). However, the glucose in camel urine showed a significant difference depending on age P=0.04 (TABLE III). TABLE III Chemical component of camel urine Comp Urobilin Bilirubin Prot KB Den pH Glucose(%) Nitrite(%) M±SE - + - + Age ≤2Y 1±0.29 0.46±0.14 8.07±3.22 3.84±1.15 1.02 7.64±0.27 9.23(9/13) 30.77(4/13) 76.92(10/13) 23.08(3/13) 2-6Y 0.72±0.25 0.46±0.13 8±2.87 4.66±1.5 1.03 7.45±0.21 100(15/15) ND 66.67(10/15) 33.33(5/15) ≥6Y 0.68±0.16 0.33±0.14 5±2.13 5.41±1.43 1.02 7.58±0.21 66.67(8/12) 33.33(4/12) 75.00(9/12) 25(3/12) P-value 0.50 0.75 0.82 0.66 0.53 0.86 0.04 0.81 Female Physiological state Non P 1.26±0.61 0.66±0.21 5±3.16 5±2.23 1.02 7.33±0.21 83.33(5/6) 16.67(1/6) 50.00(3/6) 50.00(3/6) Preg 0.60±0.17 0.16±0.16 7.5±5.12 8.3±3.07 1.04 7.63±0.26 83.33(5/6) 16.67(1/6) 66.67(4/6) 33.33(2/6) Lactat 0.52±0.13 0.50±0.16 6±2.44 4±1.45 1.02 7.33±0.24 80.00(8/10) 20.00(2/10) 70.00(7/10) 30.00(3/10) p-value 0.67 0.21 0.96 0.56 0.13 0.62 0.98 0.71 5 of 10

Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico Sex Female 0.80±0.15 0.43±0.08 6.48±1.59 4.32±0.80 1.02 7.57±0.13 81.08(30/37) 18.92(7/37) 75.67(28/37) 24.32(9/37) Male 0.73±0.26 0.33±0.33 15±8.66 8.33±3.33 1.03 7.33±0.83 66.67(2/3) 33.33(1/3) 33.33(1/3) 66.67(2/3) p-value 0.73 0.74 0.20 0.14 0.58 0.50 0.49 0.14 Breed Sepic 0.81±0.16 0.41±0.08 6.61±1.69 4.26±0.79 1.02 7.59±0.15 79.41(27/34) 20.59(7/34) 76.47(26/34) 23.53(8/34) Targui 0.73±0.16 0.50±0.22 10±5 6.66±2.78 1.04 7.31±0.23 83.33(5/6) 6.67(1/6) 50.00(3/6) 50.00(3/6) p-value 0.61 0.69 0.46 0.45 0.03 0.58 0.90 0.31 Comp: Component; Des: density; Y: years; prot: protein; KB: ketone; (-): absent ;(+): moderate presence; M±SE: mean± standard error In this study, the pH of dromedary urine is alkaline ranging from 7 to 8, and the density is between 1.02 and 1.04, with a significant difference in density depending on the breed of dromedary (P=0.03). The same finding was reported by Alebie et al. [28] and Ahamad et al. [9] who indicated that the dromedary has a basic pH of 7.8 and the density is between 1.045 and 1.06. The same finding was reported by Amer and Amer and Al-Hendi [29] on the specific gravity of camel urine of s (5-10 years old) is 1.01 to 1.07, while the pH is weak to strong alkaline. Therefore, for ketone bodies and glucose, high levels of ketone bodies were found a in pregnant females older than 6 years, which is related to the high energy demand in this category [28]. On the other hand, Tharwat et al. [27], indicate that, the camel pregnancy is suscepble to high glucose levels with ketones in their urine during late gestaon as a composion of ketonuria caused by excessive amounts of beta-hydroxybutyrate, excessive fat mobilizaon, and lack of animal acvity. Glucose was also found to be highest at 40, 55 and 80 days of pregnancy [30]. High average protein levels were found in pregnant females and young camels, while Kamalu et al. [31], Mostafa and Dwedar [32] reported that camel urine contains high concentraons of albumin protein and low levels of creane. As well as, other components (Urobilin, Bilirubin, Nitrite) were found in dromedary urine with moderate presence. This explains why camel urine is rich in many organic and inorganic compounds [28]. Furthermore, the urinary biochemical profile differs between the sexes of dromedary camels and even depends on the physiological status of the females [6]. Biochemical blood parameters of camel plasma The results of this analysis showed (TABLE IV) a significant difference Creanine (P≤0.001) and Protein (P=0.001) depending on the camel’s age. Also, Creanine (P=0.05) Albumin (P=0.02) and Glucose (P=0.009) showed significant values (TABLE IV). TABLE IV Variaon in blood biochemical parameters of camels plasma Parameter Urea (g/l) Creanine(mg/l) Protein (g/l) Albumin (g/l) Glucose (g/l) Age ≤2 years 0.50±0.03 (0.52) 3.99±0.49 a(3.95) 69.57±4.91a (64.07) 38.99±1.86a(37.1) 2.02±0.12 (1.94) 2-6years 0.45±0.02 (0.42) 4.94±1.37 a(5.08) 63.18±2.86 a (62.92) 35.90±1.57a(34.7) 1.89±0.14 (1.92) ≥6years 0.45±0.01 (0.44) 0.78±0.32 b(0.19) 53.82±0.58b (52.21) 32.94±0.78b(32.6) 1.77±0.07 (1.56) p-value 0.321 ≤0.001 0.001 0.018 0.401 Sex Female 0.48±0.01(0.47) 4.15±0.33(4.25) 64.89±2.81(62.72) 36.95±1.24 (36.63) 2.01±0.09(1.93) Male 0.47±0.09 (0.44) 3.66±1.92 (3.95) 67.20±9.68 (64.07) 38±4.28 (34.87) 1.65±0.14 (1.56) Female Physiological state non preg 0.49±0.05 (0.56) 3.73±0.71ab(3.14) 60.18±3.29 (56.85) 39.84±1.09a(38.9) 1.93±0.01a (1.93) preg 0.46±0.03 (0.42) 2.98±1.08 a(2.62) 61.36±3.96 (55.82) 33±1.93 b (31.03) 2.01±0.06a (2.05) Lactang 0.41±0.03 (0.38) 5.59±0.58 b(6.86) 65.52±3.26 (63.10) 36.01±2 b (34.79) 1.50±0.23 b(1.16) p-value 0.15 0.05 0.23 0.02 0.009 Breed Sepic 0.48±0.01 (0.44) 3.39±0.39 (3.33) 63.99±2.37*(61.15) 36.87±0.98*(34.86) 1.91±0.08 (1.92) Targui 0.42±0.01 (0.41) 3.36±0.96 (4.31) 53.71±2.77*(52.44) 31.19±1.92*(31.36) 1.84±0.14 (1.83) p-value 0.09 0.98 0.05 0.03 0.81 The means followed by different leers in the same column represent significant differences. The value in parentheses indicates the median. 6 of 10

Renal metabolic profile of one-humped camel / Boukert et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico In the present study, the biochemical profile examinaon showed a higher creanine concentraon than that observed in Canarian camels (1.50 ± 0.36 mg/dL) [33]. However, it aligns to the values observed in Majaheem, Maghateer, and Awarik camels (3.95 ± 0.5 mg/dL) [34], as well as in Bactrian camels (3.0 ± 0.25 mg/dL) [35]. Thus, these results may be related to specific weather condions. The urea values obtained are similar to those found by Faraz et al. [36] and higher than those reported by Wako et al. [37] (46.71 ± 4.28 mg/dL), (29.54 ± 1.62 mg/dL). Therefore, the total protein concentraons (30.40 ± 0.71 mg/ dL) and albumin (51.24 ± 1.02 mg/dL) were slightly higher than the result of Abdalmula et al. [38] in Libyan dromedary camels, where the mean of total protein and albumin is (51.24 ± 1.02 mg/dL), (30.40 ± 0.71 mg/dL) respecvely. Regarding, the result of blood glucose a higher concentraon was found compared to the values (67.0 ± 4.49 mg/dL), (3.85 mmol/l) reported by Al-Zubaidy et al. [39] and Nazifi et al. [40] This increase could be aributed to the availability of protein and energy in the diet as blood glucose is an important measure metabolic health in camels. Age effect The results of this study indicate a significant effect of age on creanine levels, with lower levels in camels aged 6 years and older. However, research by Abdalmula et al. [38], Deen [41] and Lamo et al. [35] reported no significant variaons in creanine levels between age groups. In contrast, Marn-Barrasa et al. [33] found higher creanine levels in adult camels compared to younger camels. This could be explained by either increased protein intake, especially in lactang camel calves [42], or rapid growth and immature renal funcon affecng filtraon and excreon of creanine in urine [43]. However, age had no significant impact on urea levels in a study of Bactrian camels by Saeed et al. [44], Lamo et al. [35] and Roba et al. [46]. The decrease in total protein and albumin concentraons with age is in accordance with Roba et al. [37], and contradicts the findings of Abdalmula et al. [38] and Marn-Barrasa et al. [33], who did not observe any effect of age on protein and albumin levels. This statement may be explained by periodes of rapid growth, which require a higher metabolism to meet the increased demands associated with ssue development. In this study, age had no effect on blood glucose levels, which is comparable to the study by Ghodsian et al. [45]. For example, a number of researchers have shown that young camels, parcularly those under five years of age, generally have higher glucose levels than adults [37 , 46]. This is in contrast to the results of Faye and Mulato [47], Ateeq et al. [48] and Souilem et al. [49] who reported that glucose levels change with age. In addion, severe intesnal parasic infestaon can lead to decreased glucose and total protein (TP) levels [50 , 51]. Effect of physiological state The lactang camels had higher creanine levels, which contrasts with the findings of Ebissy et al. [52], who noted higher creanine concentraons during the prepartum period compared to the postpartum period, and Roba et al. [37], who reported higher creanine levels in pregnant females. The increase was aributed to the higher protein requirements and reduced renal excreon rate associated with late pregnancy [42]. In lactang camels, the rise in creanine levels may be linked to the increased muscle metabolism required to support milk producon [53]. The analysis found no apparent influence on urea levels in relaon to the physiological statue. However, Roba et al. [37] revealed a considerable rise in urea levels in pregnant females, whereas Faraz et al. [36] found no difference. The present study, find that non-pregnant females had higher albumin levels. Thus, the findings of Faraz et al. [36] indicate that pregnant camels had higher levels of albumin and total protein (g/l) levels (7.16 ± 0.98, 3.23 ± 1.68), respecvely, and non-pregnant camels had lower levels (2.86 ± 1.04, 6.28 ± 1.12). Elitok and Cirak [34] found that the total protein and albumin concentraons in non-pregnant camels were 5.95 ± 0.08 and 2.49 ± 0.02, while in pregnant camels, they were 6.43 ± 0.04 and 2.70 ± 0.05, respecvely. The decrease in albumin concentraon observed in pregnant and lactang females may be aributed to the ulizaon of albumin-derived amino acids to meet the metabolic needs of the fetus and milk producon [54 , 55]. According to Kelanemer et al. [56], Camel blood glucose levels in camels are known to increase gradually during pregnancy and decrease during the first two weeks of lactaon, which is consistent with the results of the current invesgaon. Contrary, to the results of Tharwat et al. [27], El Zahar et al. [57], Ebissy et al. [52], Faraz et al. [36] and Mohamed et al. [30], the non-significant hypoglycaemia in lactang camels compared to pregnant camels is likely due to its role as the primary precursor for lactose synthesis in the mammary gland [13]. Several studies have suggested that milk lactose producon is associated with increased glucose uptake by the mammary gland [58]. Addionally, the reducon in glucose levels observed in non-pregnant camels may be due to energy ulizaon for growth. Furthermore, the rise of glucose levels during pregnancy is due to increased gluconeogenesis. In addion, Ayoub et al. [59] found no significant variaons in glucose levels between pregnant and non-pregnant camels. Breed effect Results indicate a significant effect of breed on protein levels (P≤0.05) and albumin (P<0.03) levels. In contrast, no significant variaons were observed for the other parameters in relaon to breed. Similarly, Aichouni et al. [60] also reported a non- significant effect on glucose, urea, creanine, and total protein levels among three breeds of camels in Algeria. Furthermore, studies by Al-Zubaidi et al. [39] and Deen et al. [41] found no significant differences in urea levels among breeds. This significant difference in total protein and albumin values among breeds, parcularly the increase in these parameters in the steppic breed compared to the Targui breed, is probably the reason for maintaining a high colloid osmoc pressure, which is necessary for blood water storage and water balance regulaon. Addionally, it has been shown that when camels are transferred from semi-desert pastures to arficial feeding, albumin levels decrease by approximately 25% [61]. Sex effect However, we found an increase in creanine and glucose concentraons in females compared to males, whereas albumin and total protein levels were higher in males. On the other hand, the findings of Marn-Barrasa et al. [33] observed no significant variaons in creanine, albumin, and total protein concentraons between males and females. Similarly, the invesgaons of Babeker et al. [62] reported no stascal differences in blood creanine levels between genders. In contrast, Alzubaidi et al. [39] found that females had a higher urea concentraon while males had a much higher glucose concentraon. However, the urine analysis is one of the most important diagnosc tests that can help to localize disease, 7 of 10

Revista Cienfica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico to determine the cause of discoloured urine and to idenfy inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract [10]. CONCLUSION This study provided valuable informaon on the physico- chemical and biochemical analysis of camel urine and tesng the renal funcon by plasma analysis of dromedaries from the elbayadh region in algeria. Certain risk factors were studied Further studies are needed to compare the physical and chemical properes, urine composion and renal metabolism, and even the therapeuc effect in dromedaries in Algeria. on the immunity and state of health of human paents. Conflict of interest The authors declared no potenal conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publicaon of this arcle. 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